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Don Robey
Don Deadric Robey (November 1, 1903 – June 16, 1975)〔(Thedeadrockstarsclub.com ) - accessed May 2010〕 was an American record label executive, songwriter and record producer. As the founder of Peacock Records and the eventual owner of Duke Records, he was responsible for developing the careers of many rhythm and blues artists in the 1950s and 1960s.
He was notorious for his controversial business practices;〔 he reputedly used criminal means, including violence and intimidation, as part of his business model,〔(Tell the Truth Until They Bleed: Coming Clean in the Dirty World of Blues and Rock 'n' Roll, Josh Alan Freedman, pp 18-21 )〕 though he was held in high regard by some of the musicians who worked for him.〔 He was credited with writing or co-writing many of the songs recorded by Duke/Peacock artists, either under his real name, or under the pseudonym of Deadric Malone. However in many cases, he was merely a publisher and was not involved in the writing. Many other label owners paid little for songs and controlled the publishing, but Robey was one of the few to disguise the real writers, making it nearly impossible to assess who wrote what on Duke, Peacock, Backbeat and his other labels.〔(Deadric Malone Biography on All Music )〕
==Early life and career==
Robey was born in the Fifth Ward of Houston, Texas, to Gertrude and Zeb Robey, a chef.〔( James M. Salem, ''The Late, Great Johnny Ace and the Transition from R & B to Rock 'n' Roll, University of Illinois Press, 2001, pp.53-57 )〕 His grandfather Franklin, the son of a plantation owner and a slave from South Carolina, had settled in Houston where he practiced medicine and lived in the town's Third Ward. Don Robey left school early, he claimed in order to pursue a gambling career. Although he claimed to have lived almost all his life in Houston, there is evidence that he spent some time in his teens working on a cotton farm with his mother, and later worked as a dock laborer in Galveston. He also lived in Los Angeles, where he set up his first nightclub.〔( "30 years after death, Don Robey still a vaporous figure", ''Houston Chronicle'', April 15, 2011 ). Retrieved 16 April 2015〕〔( Blues Hall of Fame: 2014 inductees ). Retrieved 16 April 2015〕 By the age of 20, he had married and fathered a son.〔
After returning to Houston Don Robey worked as a sales representative for a liquor distributor.〔 During the early and mid 1930s, he established himself in Houston's black business community, first by starting a taxi service and then opening his first amusement parlor, the Sweet Dreams Cafe in 1933 in the Fifth Ward. In 1934 he opened the Lenox Club and, around that time, changed the name of the Sweet Dreams Cafe to Manhattan Club, and began to hire bands from out of state for entertainment. Together with partner Morris Merritt he opened the Harlem Grill, a large dance hall, where he hired, among other acts, Walter Barnes and his band as well as Don Albert. In 1941 he began building a relationship with Indianapolis promoter Denver Ferguson.〔Preston Lauterbach: The Chitlin' Circuit and the Road to Rock'n'Roll, W.W.Norton, 2011, ISBN 978-0-393-07652-3 p.93-101〕
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